LARGE HARDON COLLIDER - Alat memusnahkan bumi

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator complex, intended to collide opposing beams of protons (one of several types of hadrons) with very high kinetic energy. Each of the two beams contains just a billionth of a gram of material (hydrogen). But the material is moving so fast that one billionth of a gram has the momentum of a freight train going 120 MPH, squeezed into two 17 mile-long circular streams each thinner than a human hair.
After the protons reach nearly the speed of light, the two beams, moving in opposite directions, are allowed to slam into each other head-on. This causes many of the protons to collide with enough force to break them into the smaller particles they are made of. These smaller particles fly off in all directions and are observed by very sensitive detectors.
The LHC will explore the validity and limitations of the Standard Model, the current theoretical picture for particle physics. It is theorized that the collider will confirm the existence of the Higgs boson. This would supply a crucial missing link in the Standard Model and explain how other elementary particles acquire properties such as mass.
The LHC was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), and lies underneath the Franco-Swiss border between the Jura Mountains and the Alps near Geneva, Switzerland. It is funded by and built in collaboration with over eight thousand physicists from over eighty-five countries as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories. The LHC circulated its first particle beams on 10 September 2008, but a few days later had to suspend operations due to equipment failure, when a faulty connection between two magnets triggered a shutdown which will delay its operation for two months. Owing to the already planned winter shutdown, the collider will not be operational again until the spring of 2009.
Although concerns have been raised in the media and through the courts regarding the Safety of particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, the consensus in the scientific community is that there is no conceivable threat from the LHC collisions.
The LHC is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. The collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with a circumference of 27 kilometres (17 mi), at a depth ranging from 50 to 175 metres underground.
The 3.8 m wide concrete-lined tunnel, constructed between 1983 and 1988, was formerly used to house the Large Electron-Positron Collider. It crosses the border between Switzerland and France at four points, with most of it in France. Surface buildings hold ancillary equipment such as compressors, ventilation equipment, control electronics and refrigeration plants.
The collider tunnel contains two adjacent parallel beam pipes that intersect at four points, each containing a proton beam, which travel in opposite directions around the ring. Some 1,232 dipole magnets keep the beams on their circular path, while an additional 392 quadrupole magnets are used to keep the beams focused, in order to maximize the chances of interaction between the particles in the four intersection points, where the two beams will cross. In total, over 1,600 superconducting magnets are installed, with most weighing over 27 tonnes. Approximately 96 tonnes of liquid helium is needed to keep the magnets at their operating temperature of 1.9 K, making the LHC the largest cryogenic facility in the world at liquid helium temperature.
Once or twice a day, as the protons are accelerated from 450 GeV to 7 TeV, the field of the superconducting dipole magnets will be increased from 0.54 to 8.3 tesla (T). The protons will each have an energy of 7 TeV, giving a total collision energy of 14 TeV (2.2 μJ). At this energy the protons have a Lorentz factor of about 7,500 and move at about 99.999999% of the speed of light. It will take less than 90 microsecond (μs) for a proton to travel once around the main ring – a speed of about 11,000 revolutions per second. Rather than continuous beams, the protons will be bunched together, into 2,808 bunches, so that interactions between the two beams will take place at discrete intervals never shorter than 25 nanoseconds (ns) apart. However it will be operated with fewer bunches when it is first commissioned, giving it a bunch crossing interval of 75 ns.
Prior to being injected into the main accelerator, the particles are prepared by a series of systems that successively increase their energy. The first system is the linear particle accelerator LINAC 2 generating 50 MeV protons, which feeds the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). There the protons are accelerated to 1.4 GeV and injected into the Proton Synchrotron (PS), where they are accelerated to 26 GeV. Finally the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) is used to further increase their energy to 450 GeV before they are at last injected (over a period of 20 minutes) into the main ring. Here the proton bunches are accumulated, accelerated (over a period of 20 minutes) to their peak 7 TeV energy, and finally stored for 10 to 24 hours while collisions occur at the four intersection points.
The LHC will also be used to collide lead (Pb) heavy ions with a collision energy of 1,150 TeV. The Pb ions will be first accelerated by the linear accelerator LINAC 3, and the Low-Energy Injector Ring (LEIR) will be used as an ion storage and cooler unit. The ions then will be further accelerated by the PS and SPS before being injected into LHC ring, where they will reach an energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon.

LONDON - Sekumpulan saintis memfailkan permohonan di sebuah mahkamahdi Eropah untuk menghentikan satu eksperimen bersejarah bagi merungkairahsia teori Big Bang kerana bimbang boleh menyebabkan Bumi musnah,lapor sebuah akhbar semalam.Eksperimen menelan belanja sebanyak £4.4 bilion (RM27 bilion) itubertujuan untuk merungkai misteri kejadian alam semester.Bagaimanapun, para saintis bimbang, selain memperoleh maklumat pentingberhubung kewujudan kehidupan, uji kaji paling besar dalam sejarahdunia itu mungkin menjadi punca hari kiamat.Dalam eksperimen tersebut, beberapa saintis membina satu mesin yangdikenali sebagai Large Hadron Collider dan uji kaji itu akan bermuladalam tempoh sembilan hari lagi.Namun, beberapa saintis bimbang mesin yang dibina di bawah tanah disempadan Perancis dan Switzerland itu akan mewujudkan satu lubanghitam yang akan menelan bumi.Mesin itu akan menghentam partikel-partikel sub-atom pada kelajuancahaya bagi mewujudkan situasi yang berlaku tidak lama selepaskewujudan alam semester.Seorang pakar Jerman, Profesor Rossler berkata, Pertubuhan EropahUntuk Penyelidikan Nuklear mengaku bahawa projek itu akan mewujudkanlubang hitam.Wakil kumpulan saintis yang mencabar uji kaji itu, Otto Rosslerberkata, mesin itu akan mewujudkan beberapa lubang hitam kecil tetapidalam tempoh empat tahun ia akan mengembang sehingga menelan bumi. -Agensi